For the Artists: Critical Writing, Volume 2

Miles Davis: The Cellar Door Sessions 1970

Columbia/Legacy Jazz, November 2005

For devotees of Miles Davis's so-called "electric period," the full release of the music recorded live in December 1970 at the Washington, D.C. club The Cellar Door has long been something of a holy grail. A healthy sampling was released in 1971 on Live-Evil, providing evidence that more of this sound existed. The possibility that more of this sound was in the vault gave hope to at least many of the baby boomers with whom I keep in touch. With the release of the six-CD box set The Cellar Door Sessions 1970, all the anticipation is rewarded beyond measure.

Miles' music has continued to evolve even from the heights of the three extraordinary studio LPs he recorded in the previous 18 months: In a Silent Way (rec. February 1969), Bitches Brew (rec. August 1969) and A Tribute to Jack Johnson (rec. April 1970). Besides being a live date, the ensemble here was made up of a different cast of characters. Those earlier "electric" albums are masterpieces partly because the musicians were pushed to the extremes of their creative artistry. They were of a caliber that could provide surprises and because producer Teo Macero took the session tapes and chiseled into form the hours of jamming and spirited improvising.

Here, on the live dates, the musicians fill hour-long sets by stretching out some of the material previously worked out in the studio. Macero is at the controls again, manning the recorder at the club, but this time without his post-session work of crafting the material into a collaged suite. This is a strictly live recording, excellent sound quality, with only insubstantial edits here and there.

Miles is forging something extraordinary here. Without concession to audience expectation, he'd been using club dates to grow his sound. Never one to repeat himself, his concept by this time clearly was not to present tunes. While the repertory across the six CDs consists of eight composition — 10 sets were recorded over four nights and six complete sets are presented here — each piece is a springboard from which to invent, unfettered by the restraints of chord changes or the need to serve a melody. Miles is leading the ensemble into free territory. There's no room for show biz slickness or pandering for dramatic effect. Miles is a patient listener and steps back to allow the other soloists to ignore 12-bar convention and reach full articulation. This is artistry of the highest order, creative expression at its most sophisticated.

The one-hour sets appropriate elements from funk and rock, but this is an entirely new uncategorizable beast — an amalgam of funk, rock and traditional jazz. The music is unlike anything. Comparisons are futile. It's even a stretch to say the music is an extension of what Miles himself had been creating in the studio. It's essentially a small group format, but is as far from conforming to a traditional jazz audience's expectations as the listening experience at the Fillmore East is from that at the Village Vanguard.

Occasionally, a head statement will be played in unison by Miles and saxist Gary Bartz, with the rest of the band falling into position, but that phrase is merely a concession to the audience's need for something familiar to tether their experience to. The rest of what's played is unrelenting in its presentation of a sound so new we experience it as it's being created.

Keith Jarrett's playing on Fender Rhodes is perhaps the greatest prize from the set. The timbre of the electronic keyboard might grate some listeners after a while, but his explorations transcend the funk/rock indications defined by drummer Jack DeJohnette's solid 4/4 time-keeping and electric bassist Michael Henderson's precise vamps. Jarrett's keyboard utterances push into territory too colorful to be constrained by pulse. When the other musicians drop out to allow his cadenzas to go where they may, particularly during four "Improvisations," Jarrett takes advantage, maximizing the electronics to novelty effect, but more importantly, using the full range of the keyboards (he's also playing a Fender electric organ at times). His improvisations have more complicated intentions than the prescribed boundaries of the tunes' formal structure. When freed from the rigor of the funk/rock requirements, there's a chance for the expression of more complex emotions and an exploration instead of a proclamation.

Gary Bartz was a logical choice for the sax spot. He was already empathetic with the stripped-down funk direction. He'd held sax chairs with Art Blakey, Charles Mingus, McCoy Tyner and Max Roach through the 60s, but in 1969, formed the NTU Troop in which he brought a funk groove to prominence. On this date, his melodious, refined and well-shaped runs up and down the horn unfurl into elegant Baroque-like solos and tender the often- times raucous activity swirling around him.

Although Miles is hitting high notes throughout the four-day gig, his playing is not as refined and virtuosic as it was on the prior year's studio sessions, or as commanding as on the live sets at the Fillmore East and Fillmore West from earlier in 1970. Rather than proclaiming his statements with rolling, melodious passages that ride the churning ensemble as in those earlier dates, here his trumpet sound stabs to emphasize the rhythmic focus.

Miles doesn't play notes to display his virtuosity or even to define a melody. He uses the notes to communicate intimate feelings ranging from longing to his assertive strut. His soloing through the wah-wah pedal conjures intangibles into form, evokes hints and variations of the head and steers the ensemble to the briefest of unison passages. When Miles switches from playing through the wah-wah pedal to begin a new phase of a solo on open horn, it's a dramatic sensation like a change of key.

Miles allows it to happen and the musicians are up to the challenge. These guys are as attuned to each other as a flock of birds in flight.

Michael Henderson holds the whole package together. His touch is certain, yet warm and rounded. His sense of timing is impeccable. His notes define the pulse of eternity. His electric bass playing not only gives structure, but at times contributes a playful attitude to the proceedings.

Personally, I was disappointed that John McLaughlin wasn't more of a presence in this package (he's only on discs 5 and 6). But that's not to diminish his participation here. His searing solos, even as he searches for a way into the ensemble sound, add an element of fearful grace. It's the sound of lightning brought indoors.

Airto Moreira's palette of percussive effects (including vocalizing), integrate rain forest influences and colors with decorative aural embellishments.

The reason the set is not simply a funk session is owing to the drumming of Jack DeJohnette. While he serves the time-keeping function of laying down a groove, his sensible propulsion continuously urges the band forward with rolls, cymbal work and a bass drum foot that releases a surge of adrenalin with each pounce. His tasteful and energetic, yet precise, accompaniment sets a high standard that compels the other musicians to match his intensity and service.

In addition to the nearly six hours of music, over three hours of which has never been issued officially, the box contains photos and essays by each of the band members, all expressing enthusiasm for the gig and grateful that the music is finally getting a chance to be heard.

Every moment on these discs is killer. This band is at its peak and the intensity never wavers. This music is clearly not for everyone, but I envy the uninitiated listener with an open ear for whom these sets are a first exposure to Miles' electric music. Five stars.

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THE RED LIGHT IS OFF:

A Chat With Michael Henderson, July 16, 2005

"It never stopped," says Michael Henderson, electric bassist, referring to his career after five years with Miles Davis from 1970-75. "I've played with just about everybody on the planet: Snoop Dogg, LL Cool J, Carl Thomas, Mobb Deep. I've been having a great time."

This is a man who has nearly 50 platinum records. Miles Davis plucked him out of Stevie Wonder's band when he was 19. But, he says, he was already "a hardened criminal of music at 13." He'd played in Detroit with the Motown session musicians who'd later come to be called the Funk Brothers. He was with Stevie Wonder for five years (including an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1967) and, at the same time, backed Aretha Franklin. There were also dates with The Four Tops, Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, James Jameson (they recorded together on Marvin Gaye's "You're the Man" from 1972), Earl Van Dyke (called the father of the Motown rhythm section) and others.

After he left Miles, he had a hit in 1975 with "Valentine Love," his song for drummer Normon Connors on which he sings a duet with Jean Carne. In 1976, You Are MyStarship, under Connors' leadership, had a number of hits including, "We Both Need Each Other," a duet with Henderson and Phyllis Hyman and the title cut featuring Henderson (the record went gold). Henderson also recorded and did arrangements for The Dramatics and Jagged Edge, among others.

He sounds a bit peeved when referring to press at the time Miles recruited him, which called him a 19-year-old session player. "How serious is Stevie Wonder?" he posits. "Stevie is as serious as Miles, maybe even more. People say that Michael Henderson was the devil that changed Miles Davis's music, but they didn't know I came from greatness in Detroit. I came up with people who worked with Paul Chambers. Look at the musicians. How serious is...