Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language

Front Cover

Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Prologue

PART I: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

Chapter 1. Classical and Contemporary Assessment of Aphasia and Acquired Disorders of Language

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Nature of Language Deficits

1.3. Theoretical Models for the Assessment of Language Impairment

1.4. Classical Tests and Aphasia Assessment Procedures

1.5 Classical Tests for the Assessment of Language Impairment in Special Populations

1.6. Interface between Language and Other Cognitive Functions

1.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 2. The Hypothesis Testing Approach to the Assessment of Language

2.1. Introduction

2.2. What is the Hypothesis Testing Approach to Assessment?

2.3. Hypothesis Testing of Language Impairment: Assessment Resources and Considerations

2.4. Summary and Conclusions

2.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Appendix – Hypothesis Testing: A Worked Example

Chapter 3. The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and Complementary Procedures to Evaluate Language Before Epilepsy Surgery

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Historical Background

3.3. Current Clinical Use of the IAT

3.4. Rationale Underlying the IAT Procedure

3.5. Components of the IAT Procedure

3.6. Problems and Considerations in IAT Protocol Administration and Interpretation

3.7. IAT in Pediatric Populations

3.8. Validation and Reliability Studies

3.9. Supplementary and Alternative Techniques for Establishing Language Lateralization

3.10. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 4. Architectonic Language Research

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Broca's Region

4.3. Wernicke's Region

4.4. Other Regions Involved in Language

4.5. Interhemispheric Cytoarchitectonic Differences

4.6. Cytoarchitectonic Maps for the Analysis of Language

4.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 5. Microgenesis of Language: Vertical Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across the Neuraxis

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Principles of Brain Structure and Function

5.3. From Anatomical Structure to Neurolinguistic Function

5.4. Time Dynamics of Fronto–Temporal Activations

5.5. Vertical Integration: Coordination of Internal and External Contexts for Meaning

5.6. Challenges and Future Directions: Levels of Brain, Levels of Language?

Chapter 6. A Brief Introduction to Common Neuroimaging Techniques

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Electromagnetic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques

6.3. Hemodynamic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques

6.4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

6.5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

6.6. Challenges and Future Directions

PART II: NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE

Chapter 7. PET Research of Language

7.1. Introduction

7.2. PET versus fMRI – Some Methodological Issues

7.3. Crucial PET Findings

7.4. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 8. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research of Language

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Recognizing Auditory Input as Speech

8.3. Word Representation: Form and Meaning

8.4. From Words to Sentences: Syntactic Processing

8.5. From Words to Sentences: Semantic Processing of Sentences

8.6. From Sentences to Discourse

8.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 9. Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Language-Related Components and Their Functional Significance

9.3. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 10. Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Description of the Technique

10.3. Comparison to Other Techniques

10.4. Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Technique

10.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for Studying Language

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Assessing Hemispheric Specialization for Language with TMS

11.3. Different Effects of TMS On Task Performance: Posterior Temporal Cortex and Picture Naming

11.4. TMS Studies of Semantic and Phonological Processing in LIFG

11.5. Speech Perception and the Motor System

11.6. Representation of Actions and Verbs in the Motor System and Frontal Cortex

11.7. TMS Studies in Patients with Aphasia

11.8. Challenges and Future Directions

PART III: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

Chapter 12. Disorders of Phonetics and Phonology

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Changing Concepts in the Neurolinguistic Analysis of Phonetics and Phonology

12.3. Anatomical and Computational Complexity for Broca's Area

12.4. Intractable Problems in the Neurolinguistics of Segmental Paraphasias

12.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 13. Impaired Morphological Processing

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Noun versus Verb Morphology

13.3. Regular versus Irregular Morphology

13.4. Impairments of Inflectional Morphology

13.5. Impairments of Derivational Morphology

13.6. Impairments in Compounding

13.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 14. Disorders of Lexis

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Disorders of Lexis: A Brief Overview

14.3. Words in the Brain

14.4. The Domain of Lexical Disorders, the Notion of a Mental Lexicon, and the Notion of Word

14.5. A Framework for Understanding Disorders of Lexis

14.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 15. Disorders of Syntax

15.1. Introduction

15.2. The Endgame: Theory Unification

15.3. Syntactic Comprehension in Broca's Aphasia

15.4. The Linear Models

15.5. A Hierarchical Model: The Double-Dependency Hypothesis

15.6. What Have We Learnt?

15.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 16. The Neural Bases of Text and Discourse Processing

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Cognitive and Linguistic Principles of Discourse Processing

16.3. The Neuroscience of Text and Discourse Comprehension

16.4. Right Hemisphere Contributions to Discourse Comprehension

16.5. Summary and Conclusions

16.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 17. Neuropragmatics: Disorders and Neural Systems

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Pragmatic Disorders in Adult Clinical Populations

17.3. Explaining Linguistic Pragmatic Impairments in Clinical Populations

17.4. Neural Systems Underlying Pragmatic Abilities

17.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 18. The Role of Memory Systems in Disorders of Language

18.1. Introduction

18.2. The Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems

18.3. Language and the Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems

18.4. Disorders of Grammar and Procedural Memory

18.5. Disorders of Lexicon and Declarative Memory

18.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 19. The Relation of Human Language to Human Emotion

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Language and Emotion: Theoretical Perspectives

19.3. Universality of Emotion Expression in Language

19.4. The Linguistic Communication of Emotion

19.5. Prosodic Communication

19.6. Syntactic Structures as Reflective of Attitudinal Meaning

19.7. Language Affects Emotions

19.8. Pragmatics – Language Use – and Emotional Expression

19.9. Brain Structures Underlying Emotional Language

19.10. Affect Lexicon

19.11. Dysprosodic Disturbances

19.12. Pragmatic Deficits Following Brain Damage

19.13. Assessment of Communicative Competence for Emotional Expression

19.14. Summary

19.15. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 20. Acquired Reading and Writing Disorders

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Déjerine's Classical Anatomo-Functional Diagram of Reading (1891, 1892)

20.3. Classical Neurolinguistic Classification of Acquired Spelling Disorders

20.4. Dual-Route Models of Reading and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dyslexia

20.5. Dual-Route Models of Spelling and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dysgraphia

20.6. Principles for the Assessment of Reading and Spelling Impairments

20.7. Reading and Spelling Disorders in Languages with Different Scripts

20.8. Neuroanatomy of Written Language

20.9. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 21. Number Processing

21.1. Introduction

21.2. The Representation of Numbers

21.3. Number Manipulation: Transcoding

21.4. Calculation

21.5. Numbers and Calculation in the Brain

21.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 22. Neurolinguistic Computational Models

22.1. Introduction

22.2. The Computer and the Brain

22.3. Structured Models

22.4. Emergent Models

22.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 23. Mirror Neurons and Language

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Multiple Mirror Systems and the Language-Ready Brain

23.3. Praxis, Language and the Action-Oriented Perception of Scenes

23.4. Modeling the Canonical and Mirror Systems for Grasping

23.5. Imitation and Mirror Neurons: In Search of Subtlety

23.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 24. Lateralization of Language across the Life Span

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Brain Development

24.3. Changes Associated with Aging

24.4. Interpretive Complexities

24.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 25. Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain

25.1. Introduction

25.2. Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry

25.3. Advantages and Challenges of Hemispheric Asymmetry

25.4. Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Interaction

25.5. Individual Variation

25.6. Challenges and Future Directions

PART IV: CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE

A: Language in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes

Chapter 26. Acute Aphasias

26.1. Introduction

26.2. Approaches to Classifying Acute Aphasias

26.3. Non-stable Syndromes of Acute Aphasia

26.4. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 27. Language in Dementia

27.1. Introduction

27.2. Phonology and Speech Errors in Dementia

27.3. Lexical Retrieval and Naming Difficulty in Dementia

27.4. Semantic Memory Difficulty in Dementia

27.5. Grammatical Deficits in Dementia

27.6. Discourse Deficit in Dementia

27.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 28. Frontal Lobes and Language

28.1. Introduction

28.2. Pragmatic Inference

28.3. Social Cognition

28.4. Discourse Production

28.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 29. The Torque Defines the Four Quadrants of the Human Language Circuit and the Nuclear Symptoms of Schizophrenia Identify their Component Functions

29.1. Introduction

29.2. Bi-hemispheric Theory of Language

29.3. Principles of Connectivity of Hetero-Modal Association Cortex

29.4. Anomalies of Anatomical Asymmetry and Schizophrenia

29.5. The Central Paradox and Its Resolution

29.6. How Do the Nuclear Symptoms Arise?

29.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 30. Stuttering and Dysfluency

30.1. Introduction

30.2. Definition and Clinical Characteristics of Dysfluency

30.3. The Physiology of Stuttering

30.4. Theories of Stuttering

30.5. Animal Modeling of Stuttering

30.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 31. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Model for Understanding the Relationship Between Language and Memory

31.1. Introduction

31.2. Do MTLE Patients Show Language Abnormalities?

31.3. What Specific Evidence Is There Showing Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Language?

31.4. Are There Anatomical Connections That Allow the Medial Temporal Lobe to Influence Language?

31.5. What Might the Medial Temporal Lobe Contribute to Language Processing?

31.6. What Accounts for the Language Deficits in MTLE?

31.7. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 32. Subcortical Language Mechanisms

32.1. Introduction

32.2. Distribution of Pathology in Subcortical Stroke and Degenerative Disorders Associated with Language Impairment

32.3. Emerging Neuroscience of the Basal Ganglia

32.4. Mechanisms of Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia

32.5. Summary: Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia

32.6. Emerging Neuroscience of the Thalamus

32.7. Mechanisms of Thalamic Aphasia

32.8. Summary: Thalamic Aphasia

32.9. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 33. Language and Communication Disorders in Multilinguals

33.1. Introduction

33.2. Language Impairments

33.3. Implicit and Explicit Memory

33.4. Pathological Language Mixing and Switching

33.5. Experimental Studies

33.6. Assessment of Language Disorders in Multilingual Speakers

33.7. Multilingual Aphasia Rehabilitation

33.8. Challenges and Future Directions: The Cerebral Organization of Languages

Chapter 34. Language and Communication in Aging

34.1. Introduction

34.2. Language Changes in Healthy Aging

34.3. Aging and Bilingualism

34.4. Distinguishing Language in Healthy Aging from That in Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD

34.5. Explanations for Language Changes in Healthy Aging

34.6. Challenges and Future Directions

B: Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders

Chapter 35. Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia or Landau–Kleffner Syndrome: Clinical and Linguistic Aspects

35.1. Introduction

35.2. Language Regression and Epilepsy

35.3. The Nature of the Language Deficit

35.4. The Spectrum of Regressive Language Disorders and Epilepsy

35.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 36. Language and Communication in Williams Syndrome

36.1. Introduction

36.2. Language in WS: The Evidence

36.3. Theoretical Approaches to the Neurocognitive Study of WS

36.4. Characterizing Language and Communication in WS

36.5. Language in WS: Connecting the Dots

36.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 37. Language and Communication Disorders in Autism and Asperger Syndrome

37.1. Introduction

37.2. Language Deficits in Autism

37.3. Explaining Language and Communication Deficits in ASD

37.4. Challenges and Future Directions

C: Recovery from, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders

Chapter 38. Spontaneous Recovery of Aphasia

38.1. Introduction

38.2. Soundly Established Factors Affecting Recovery

38.3. Factors That May Affect Spontaneous Recovery

38.4. Why Spontaneous Recovery?

38.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 39. Therapeutic Approaches in Aphasia Rehabilitation

39.1. Introduction

39.2. How to Approach Aphasia Therapy

39.3. A Stage-Oriented Framework: Fitting the Therapeutic Approach to the Stage of Recovery

39.4. Specific Neuropsychological and Psycholinguistic Approaches to the Treatment of Lexical and Syntactic Disorders

39.5. Efficacy Studies of Aphasia Therapy

39.6. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 40. The Pharmacological Treatment of Aphasia

40.1. Introduction

40.2. Stroke: How Does It Cause Language Deficits?

40.3. Subacute (and Chronic) Stroke: Enhancing Neural Transmission and Neuroplasticity

40.4. Summary: The State of Play of Pharmacological Intervention in Aphasia

40.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 41. Recovery and Treatment of Acquired Reading and Spelling Disorders

41.1. Introduction

41.2. Illustrative Cases

41.3. Limits of the Syndrome-Based Approach

41.4. Suggested Treatment of the Lexical Components

41.5. Challenges and Future Directions

Chapter 42. The Role of Electronic Devices in the Rehabilitation of Language Disorders

42.1. Introduction

42.2. Provision of Therapy

42.3. Computer-Based Treatment and Language

42.4. Diagnosis and Assessment

42.5. Outcome Measurement and Audit

42.6. Alternative Communication

42.7. Support for Everyday Life

42.8. Challenges and Future Directions

PART V: RESOURCES

Chapter 43. Resources in the Neuroscience of Language: A Listing

Journals

Books

Source Books

Professional Associations and Societies

Glossary

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Index

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Color Plates