Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine

Table of Contents

Foreword

Foreword to the Third Edition

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

PART I: BASIC ASPECTS

History of Hyperbaric Medicine

Hyperbaric Therapy and Diving Medicine

The Development of Hyperbaric Air Therapy

The Development of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Physical, Physiological, and Biochemical Aspects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation

Introduction

Physiology of Oxygenation

Hyperbaric Oxygenation

General Effects of HBO on the Healthy Human Body

Biochemical Effects of HBO

Effect of HBO at Molecular Level

Conclusions

Effects of Diving and High Pressure on the Human Body

Physical Effects of Pressure

Effects of Pressure on Various Systems of the Body

Effects of High Pressure Environments on the Nervous System

Hearing and Vestibular Impairment in Hyperbaric Environments

Taste Sensation Under High Pressure

Effect of High Pressure on Effect of Drugs

Conclusions

Physical Exercise Under Hyperbaric Conditions

Introduction

Exercise Under Hypoxia

Exercise in Hyperbaric Environments

Exercise Under Hyperoxia

Physical Exercise Under Hyperbaric Conditions

Conclusions

Hypoxia

Introduction

Pathophysiology of Hypoxia

General Impact of Hypoxia

Effects of Hypoxia on the Brain

Role of HBO in the Treatment of Hypoxic States

Possible Dangers of HBO in Hypoxic States

Oxygen Toxicity

Introduction

Pathophysiology of Oxygen Toxicity

Pathology of Oxygen Toxicity

PulmonaryOxygen Toxicity

Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy

Factors that Enhance Oxygen Toxicity

Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity

Clinical Monitoring for Oxygen Toxicity

Protection Against Oxygen Toxicity

Extension of Oxygen Tolerance

Conclusion and Directions for Future Research

Equipment Used in Hyperbaric Medicine

Technique of Hyperbaric Oxygenation

Ancillary Equipment

Hyperbaric Chambers:Equipment,Technique,and Safety

Indications,Contraindications, and Complications ofHBO Therapy

Indications

Contraindications

Complications of Hyperbaric Oxygenation

Precautions in Selection of Patients for HBOTreatment

Conclusions

Drug Interactions with Hyperbaric Oxygenation

Oxygen as a Drug

Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Interaction of HBO with Various Drugs

Practical Considerations of Drug Administration During HBO Therapy

Drugs that Enhance Oxygen Toxicity

Drugs that Protect Against Oxygen Toxicity

Conclusions

PART II: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Decompression Sickness

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Management of Neurological Manifestations of Decompression Sickness

Risk Factors for DCS

Conclusions

Cerebral Air Embolism

Causes

Mechanisms

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Clinical Applications of HBO

Ancillary Treatments

Hyperbaric Treatment in Special Situations

Conclusions

Carbon Monoxide and Other Tissue Poisons

Classification of Tissue Poisons

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Controversies in the Use of HBO for CO Poisoning

Cyanide Poisoning

Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

Methemoglobinemias

Miscellaneous Poisons

Conclusions: Poisoning Other than with CO

HBO Therapy in Infections

Host Defense Mechanisms Against Infection

HBO in the Treatment of Soft Tissue Infections

HBO in the Management of AIDS

Miscellaneous Infections

Osteomyelitis

HBO Therapy in Chronic Lyme Disease

Rationale for Using Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Pilot Program at Texas A&M University

Ethical Considerations in Using HBO for Unproven Indications

Regulatory Aspects of HBO in Relation to Lyme Disease

Conclusions

HBO Therapy inWound Healing, Plastic Surgery, and Dermatology

Introduction

Wound Healing

Wound Healing Enhancement by Oxygen

Role of HBO in NonhealingWounds and Ulcers

HBO as an Aid to the Survival of Skin Flaps and Free Skin Grafts

HBO as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Thermal Burns

Applications of HBO in Dermatology

HBO Therapy in the Management of Radionecrosis

Introduction

Radiation Physics

Radiation Biology

Radiation Pathology

HBO Therapy for Radionecrosis

Management of Osteoradionecrosis

Management of Radionecrosis of CNS

Management of Radionecrosis of Soft Tissues

Effect of HBO on Cancer Recurrence

Conclusions

The Use of HBO in Treating Neurological Disorders

Effect of HBO on the Blood-Brain Barrier

Effect of HBO on Oxygen Tension in the Cerebrospinal Fluid

Rationale for the Use of HBO in Neurological Disorders

Indications for the Use of HBO in Neurological Disorders

Diagnostic Procedures Used for Assessing the Effect of HBO

Use of HBO in Miscellaneous Neurological Disorders

Neurological Disorders in Which HBO Has Not Been Found to Be Useful

The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the Management of Stroke

Introduction

Epidemiology of Stroke

Pathophysiology of Stroke

An Overview of the Conventional Management of Stroke

Role of HBO in the Management of Acute Stroke

HBO as a Supplement to Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients

Conclusions

HBO Therapy in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Anoxia and Coma

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Rational Basis of HBO Therapy

Review of Animal Experimental Studies

Review of Human Clinical Studies

Case Studies

HBO Therapy in Neurosurgery

Introduction

Role of HBO in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Role of HBO in the Management of Spinal Cord Injury

HBO as an Adjunct to Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors

Role of HBO in the Management of CNS Infections

Role of HBO in Cerebrovascular Surgery

Conclusions

HBO Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Rationale for HBO Therapy

Clinical Trials of HBO in Multiple Sclerosis

Conclusions

HBO in the Management of Cerebral Palsy

Causes of Cerebral Palsy

Oxygen Therapy in the Neonatal Period

Treatment of Cerebral Palsy with HBO

HBO Therapy in Headache

Introduction

Vascular Headaches

Epidemiology of Vascular Headache

Mechanisms of Vascular Headache

Commonly Used Anti-Migraine Drugs

Nonpharmacologic Approaches

Rationale for Use of HBO in Migraine

Use of Oxygen in Migraine Treatment

Use of HBO for Treatment of Cluster Headache

Conclusions

HBO Therapy in Cardiovascular Diseases

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Cardiology

HBO in Shock

HBO in Peripheral Vascular Disease

HBO Therapy in Hematology and Immunology

Introduction

Effect of HBO on Red Blood Cells

Effect of HBO on Leukocytes

Effect of HBO on Platelets

Effect of HBO on Stem Cells

Effect of HBO Treatment on the Immune System

Effect of HBO Treatment on Plasma and Blood Volume

Clinical Applications of HBO in Disorders of the Blood

HBO Therapy in Gastroenterology

Introduction

HBO in Peptic Ulceration

Clinical Assessment of HBO in Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer Patients

HBO in the Treatment of Intestinal Obstruction

Experimental Studies in Animals

HBO Therapy in Adynamic Ileus

HBO in Adhesive Intestinal Obstruction

HBO in Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction

HBO in Inflammations and Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

HBO in Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis (PCI)

HBO in Ischemic Disorders of the Intestine

Use of Hyperbaric Therapy in Removal of Entrapped Intestinal Balloons

HBO in Acute Pancreatitis

HBO in Diseases of the Liver

Conclusions Regarding the Use of HBO in Gastroenterology

HBO and Endocrinology

Introduction

Thyroid Glands

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Glucocorticoid Receptors

Adrenocortical Function

Prostaglandins

Testosterone

Clinical Applications

Conclusions

HBO and Pulmonary Disorders

Introduction

Lung Mechanics and Pulmonary Gas Exchange

PulmonaryOxygen Toxicity

Clinical Applications

Contraindications

Conclusions

HBO Therapy in Pediatric Surgery

Introduction

Hyperbaric Chambers for Children

Technique of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Children

Efficacy of HBO in Surgical Disorders of Children

Conclusions

Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Traumatology and Orthopedics

Introduction

Crush Injuries

Traumatic Ischemia

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Fractures

Traumatic Amputations and Reimplantations of Body Parts

Role of HBO in Battle Casualties

Effect of HBO on Osteogenesis

HBO for Treatment of Osteonecrosis (Aseptic Necrosis)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Conclusions

HBO Therapy in Otolaryngology

Introduction

Tinnitus

Sudden Deafness

Acute Acoustic Trauma

Miscellaneous Disturbances of the Inner Ear

Neuro-otologicalVascular Disturbances

Menière’s Disease

Facial Palsy

Otological Complications of HBO Therapy

Miscellaneous Conditions in Head and Neck Area

Conclusions

HBOTherapy and Ophthalmology

Introduction

Review of Pertinent Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

Adverse Effects of Hyperoxia

Ocular Contraindications to HyperbaricOxygen Therapy

Pre-HBOT Ocular Examination

HBO in the Treatment of Diseases of the Eye

Emergency HBO in Patients with Acute Vision Loss

Conclusions

Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Obstetrics and Neonatology

Introduction

HBO and Risk of Congenital Malformations

Role of HBO in Obstetrics

Use of HBO for Medical Conditions in Pregnancy

Applications of HBO in Neonatology

Conclusions

Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Geriatrics

Introduction

Physiology of Aging

Changes in the Brain with Aging

Applications of HBO in Geriatrics

Conclusions

HBO as an Adjuvant in Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine

Introduction

Role of HBO in Rehabilitation

HBO for Treatment of Sports Injuries

HBO as an Adjunct to Sports Training

Future Prospects

The Role of HBO in Enhancing Cancer Radiosensitivity

Introduction

Clinical Studies of HBO as Radiation Sensitizer

Combination of Other Methods with HBO and Irradiation For Cancer

Conclusions

HBO Therapy and Organ Transplants

Introduction

Lung Transplants

Pancreas Transplants

Renal Transplants

Liver Transplants

Miscellaneous Transplants

Clinical Application

Conclusions

Anesthesia in the Hyperbaric Environment

Historical Perspective

Present Indications

Physical Considerations Concerning Anesthetic Gases Under Pressure

Physiological Considerations

Practical Aspects of Anesthesia in the Pressure Chamber

Conclusions

HBO in Emergency Medicine

Introduction

Indications for Emergency Use of HBO

Use of HBO in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Case Studies of Medical Emergencies Treated with HBO

Potential Future Uses of HBO Therapy in Emergency Medicine

Hyperbaric Medicine as a Specialty: Training, Practice, and Research

Introduction

Relation of Hyperbaric Medicine to Other Medical Specialties

Training in Hyperbaric Medicine

Practice of Hyperbaric Medicine

Research in Hyperbaric Medicine

Conclusions

The Future

Hyperbaric Medicine in the United States

Introduction

Hyperbaric Medicine in Japan

History of Hyperbaric Medicine in Japan

Indications for HBO Approved by the JSHM

Distribution and Number of Hyperbaric Chambers in Japan

Current Status of Research and Academic HBO Centers in Japan

Cost-Benefit Issues of HBO Therapy in Japan

Future Prospects

Hyperbaric Medicine in the Rest of theWorld

Introduction

Hyperbaric Medicine in Germany

Hyperbaric Medicine in China

Hyperbaric Medicine in Russia

Appendix: Diagnostic Imaging and HBO Therapy

Bibliography