A New Understanding of Terrorism - Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons Learned

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Contributors

Book Editors

Chapter Contributors

1 Todays Terrorism Introduction and Analysis: The Have Nots Versus the Haves

The Have Nots Versus the Haves

The Conceptual Themes Through A Pragmatic Lens

References

2 Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments

Introduction

Reacting to Terrorism

Proactive Law Enforcement Response

Responses that Fail

Why?

Suggested Mechanism for Effective Law Enforcement Counter-Terrorism

Definitions

What Can We Do? -- A Two-Prong Approach

Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments

References

3 Waco: A Review of the Response by Law Enforcement

Introduction

History and Description of Cults

Description of the Branch Davidians

Political and Historical Context

Description of the Incident

Controversy Surrounding the Waco Standoff

Implications and Conclusion

References

4 The Solo Crusader: Theodore Kaczynskiand Timothy McVeigh

Introduction

Kaczynski's History: The Progressive Deterioration

The Long Crusade

Pursuit of the Unabomber

From Cabin to Courtroom

McVeighs Journeys and the Militia Movement

The Bombing: April 19, 1995

The Response

The Prosecution: US v. McVeigh

Countermeasures and Analysis

Conclusion

References

5 It Happened Here: Biological Terrorism in the United States

Introduction

The Rajneeshees

Cults and the State

Uncivil Movements

The Rajneeshees in America

The Attack

Law Enforcement Response

Rajneeshees as Terrorists

Anthrax Attacks Fall 2001

Profile of the Anthrax Killer

Analysis

Conclusion

References

6 When Radical Becomes Terrorist: Law Enforcement and Eco-Sabotage

Introduction

The Environmental Movement

The Earth Liberation Front

Investigating and Prosecuting the Eco-Sabotage

Analysis –What Should be the Adequate Response?

Conclusions

References

7 September 11 Terrorist Attacks Against the United States and the Law Enforcement Response

Introduction

Overview of the Group Behind September 11

The Rise of a New Extremist Group: Al Qaeda

The Motivation to Join Al Qaeda

The New Al Qaeda

Homegrown Terrorists

Overview of the Events of September 11

Political and Historical Context

The Attacks

Overview of the Law Enforcement Response and Analysis

The Law Enforcement Response

Analysis

Conclusion

References

8 Aviation Security in the Face of Tragedy

Introduction

Relevant Aviation Security Prior to the Bombingof Pan Am Flight 103

Events Leading Up to the Bombing

Political Context

Intelligence Reports and Warnings

The Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

The Response

Fire Department Response

Military Response

Police Response

International Investigative Response

Intelligence Response

The Investigation

Diplomatic Response

Analysis

Conclusions

References

9 Maritime Security: Case Studies in Terrorism

Introduction

The Attack on USS Cole

Legal Steps for Law Enforcement Cooperation

The Evolving Threat

The Adequate (Inadequate?) Response

Assessing the Proper Response

Conclusions

References

10 Rail Transport Security

Introduction

Overview of March 11, 2004, Madrid Railway Attack

The Attack

The Investigation of the March 11 Attacks

Islam and Spain

Response to March 11 Attack in Madrid

Political Ramifications of the March 11 Attacks

Overview of August 10, 2001, Angola Railway Attack

History of the Angolan Conflict

Reactions to the Angola Attack

Impact on the Angola Conflict

Overview and Analysis of Rail Security

Law Enforcement and Emergency Response

Conclusion

References

11 Securing the Gold: Olympic Security from a Counter-Terrorist Perspective

Introduction

Attacking During the Olympic Games

The Failed Response

Securing the Games Post the Munich Attack

Analyzing the Olympic Games Threat

Counter Measures

Conclusion

References

12 1995 Tokyo Subway Attack: The Aum Shinrikyo Case

Introduction

Description of the Attack

Description of the 1995 Tokyo Subway Attack

The Characteristics of the Attack

Aum Shinrikyo's Rationalization Regarding the Attack

The Background of the Terrorists and Their Leader

The Aum Shinrikyo

Shoko Asahara – His Personality and Leadership

The Path to Become a Terrorists Group

Analysis of the Law Enforcement Response

The Response to the Attack and Its Problems

Arrest of the Terrorists and the Compensation of the Victims

Lessons Learned from the Tokyo and Other Subway Attacks

The Development of the Subway Attack Protection/Response Policy

The Need for a Contingency Plan Against Subway Attacks

Recommendation for the Future

Protection Physical Subways and Stations from the Attack

Recommendation for Law Enforcement Agencies and First Responders

Subway Passengers and Citizens

The Oversight over the Dangerous Religious Groups

Conclusion

References

13 2005 London Bombings

Introduction

Overview of the Threat

The Threat from Islamic Fundamentalism and Al-Qaeda

Vulnerability of Railway Targets

Overview of the Events on July 7, 2005

Timeline of the Events

Overview of the Events on July 21, 2005

Overview of the Law Enforcement Response and Analysis

Investigation of the 7/7 Attacks

Overview of 7/7 Bombers

Investigation of 7/21 Attacks

Conclusion

References

14 Reforming Power Structures: Russian Counter-Terrorism Response to Beslan

Introduction The Beslan Incident

The Law Enforcement Response to Counter Terrorist Activities

The System Prior to the Beslan Incident

Changes in the System of Interdepartmental Coordinationand Information Exchange

Information Exchange with Other Countries Special Services

Coordination Center and Information Exchange in North Caucasus

Defense Department's Army Reassignments

Coordination in Case of Hostage Captures and Subversive Terrorist Attack

Changes in the System of Obtaining Intelligence on Terrorist Acts

Tactics of the Special Division After the Beslan Incident

Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)

Tactics Involving Capture of Terrorists' Relatives Tactics

Establishment of New Divisions

The MVD Internal Troops

Federal Security Service

Conclusion

Appendix: MI5 organization chart

References

15 Beirut 1983: Have We Learned This Lesson?

Introduction

Lessons Learned or to Be Learned?

The Failure of Intelligence

The Rules of Engagement

The Chain of Command

A Changed Mission

Conclusions

References

16 Lost in Transition: Khobar Towers and the Ambiguities of Terrorism in the 1990s

Introduction

Islamist Extremism in Saudi Arabia

The Khobar Towers Plot

Investigations and Responses

The FBI Investigation: A Byzantine Case

Investigating Force Protection: Organizational Learningor Witch-hunt?

Conclusions: Khobar Towers in Context

References

17 The Siege in Mumbai: A Conventional Terrorist Attack Aided by Modern Technology

Introduction

Colonial Influences in South Asia

The Formation of India, Pakistan, and Jammu and Kashmir

A History of Terrorism in Pakistan and India

Lashkar-e-Taiba

Attacks by Lashkar-e-Taiba Prior to November 2008

Pakistans Directorate of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)

The Mumbai Massacre

The Operation

First Group

Second Group

Third Group

Fourth Group

The Aftermath

Attacks Used Conventional Weapons but Modern Technology

Target Selection

Mumbai Police Response

Lessons Learned

Conclusion

References

18 Conclusions -- A New Understanding of Counter-Terrorist/ism Response

Introduction

Risk Management

Building an Intelligence File

Step I

Step II. Creating an Intel File

Create Links (A)

Create a Backup System

Create Security Access System

Create Links (B)

Develop Personal Relationship

Crisis Preparation

References

Index