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Government at a Glance 2009
von: OECD (Ed.)
OECD Paris, 2009
ISBN: 9789264061651, 162 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Preis: 35,70 EUR
Foreword
4
Table of Contents
6
Preface
8
Introduction
10
Why measure government activities?
11
What can you find in this publication?
12
Focus on public administration
12
Highlights of emerging public governance issues
12
Indicators on government activities and public management practices
12
Framework for understanding and measuring the activities of government
13
Data sources and features
14
How this publication is organised
15
Measurement challenges
16
Data comparability and availability
16
Indicators of outputs and outcomes
17
Future work
18
I. Current and Future Public Governance Challenges
20
Introduction
21
Selected public governance implications of the global financial and economic crises
21
Achieving evidence-based policy making
22
Fostering Integrity
23
Better co-ordination between levels of government
25
Box 1. Five dominant gaps that challenge multi-level governance
27
Contributing to fiscal sustainability: the role of fiscal projections
27
Box 2. Australian approach to fiscal sustainability
30
Figure 1. Australian Intergenerational Report (IGR) 2007: Comparison of projections of primary balances
30
What are governance challenges for the future?
31
A world in flux: Challenges for public governance
31
Table 1. Overview of reports in the 12 OECD member countries surveyed (2009)
32
Lessons from past reforms
32
Is there a need for a new paradigm?
34
How can countries achieve a better balance between government, markets and citizens?
34
What governance capacities or competencies are needed for dealing with global challenges?
37
Figure 2. Number of departments or ministries and ministers at the central level of government (2008)
38
How can a continued focus on efficiency and effectiveness be reconciled with upholding other fundamental public service values?
40
Figure 3. Frequently stated core public service values (2000 and 2009)
41
Notes
42
II. Government Revenues
44
1. General government revenues
45
Further reading
45
Notes
45
1.1 General government revenues as a percentage of GDP (1995 and 2006)
46
1.2 Revenue per capita (2006)
46
1.3 Annual real percentage change in revenue per capita (from 2000 to 2006)
46
2. Structure of general government revenues
47
Further reading
47
Notes
47
2.1 Structure of general government revenue as a percentage of GDP (2006)
48
2.2 Structure of general government revenue (2006)
48
2.3 Structure of general government revenue (1995 and 2006)
48
2.4 Tax structure of general government (2006)
48
3. Revenue structure by level of government
49
Notes
49
3.1 Distribution of general government revenues across levels of government (2006)
50
3.2 Structure of central government revenues (2006)
50
3.3 Structure of state government revenues (2006)
50
3.4 Structure of local government revenues (2006)
50
III. Government Expenditures
52
4. General government expenditure
53
Further reading
53
Notes
53
4.1 General government expenditures as a percentage of GDP (2006)
54
4.2 Government expenditures per capita (2006)
54
4.3 Annual real percentage change of government expenditures per capita (from 2000 to 2006)
54
5. General government expenditure by function
55
Further reading
55
Notes
55
5.1 General government expenditures by function as a percentage of GDP (2006)
56
5.2 Change in general government expenditures by function as a percentage of GDP (1995 and 2006)
56
6. General government expenditure by level of government
57
Further reading
57
Notes
57
6.1 Distribution of general government expenditures by level of government (2006)
58
7. General government expenditure by type
59
Note
59
7.1 General government expenditures on cash transfers and goods and services in kind as a percentage of GDP (2006)
60
7.2 General government expenditures on individual and collective goods as a percentage of GDP (2006)
60
IV. Intersection between the Public and Private Sectors
62
8. Production costs in general government
63
Further reading
63
Notes
63
8.1 Production costs as a percentage of GDP (2007)
64
8.2 Production costs as a percentage of GDP (1995 and 2007)
64
8.3 Structure of production costs (2007)
64
V. Public Employment
66
9. Employment in general government and public corporations
67
Further reading
67
Notes
67
9.1 Employment in general government as a percentage of the labour force (1995 and 2005)
68
9.2 Employment in general government and public corporations as a percentage of the labour force (1995 and 2005)
68
10. Decentralisation of employment
69
Further reading
69
Notes
69
10.1 Distribution of employment between the central and sub-central levels of government (2005)
70
10.2 Change in the percentage of government staff employed at the central level (1995 and 2005)
70
11. Employment of women in central government
71
Further reading
71
Notes
71
11.1 Percentage of central government employees who are female (1995 and 2005)
72
11.2 Percentage of employees who are female in the central government compared to total labour force (2005)
72
11.3 Percentage of senior positions in central government filled by women (2005)
72
11.4 Percentage of central government administrative positions filled by women (2005)
72
12. Ageing workforce
73
Further reading
73
Notes
73
12.1 Percentage of central government workers 50 years or older (1995 and 2005)
74
12.2 Percentage of workers 50 years or older in central government and the total labour force (2005)
74
VI. Human Resource Management Practices
76
13. Delegation in human resource management
77
Further reading
77
Notes
77
13.1 Extent of delegation of human resource management practices to line ministries in central government (2005)
78
13.2 Authority of central government managers to determine compensation levels (2005)
78
14. Central government recruitment systems
79
Further reading
79
Notes
79
14.1 Type of recruitment system used in central government (2005)
80
14.2 Relationship between type of recruitment system and delegation in HRM in central government (2005)
80
15. Staff performance management
81
Further reading
81
Notes
81
15.1 Extent of the use of performance assessments in HR decisions in central government (2005)
82
15.2 Extent of the use of performance-related pay in central government (2005)
82
16. Senior civil service
83
Further reading
83
Notes
83
16.1 Use of separate HRM practices for senior civil servants (SCS) (2005)
84
VII. Budget Practices and Procedures
86
17. Fiscal sustainability
87
Further reading
87
Notes
87
17.1 The coverage and frequency of long-term fiscal projections by central government (2007)
88
17.2 Central government use of rules that place limits on fiscal policy (2007)
88
18. Budget disclosures
89
Further reading
89
Notes
89
18.1 Number of months after fiscal year-end that audited accounts are publicly disclosed by the supreme audit institution (2007)
89
18.2 Elements included in budget documents presented to the legislature at the central level of government (2007)
90
19. Medium-term budget perspective
91
Further reading
91
Note
91
19.1 Medium-term budget perspective at the central level of government (2007)
92
19.2 Use of medium-term perspective in the budget process at the central level of government (2007)
92
20. Performance-oriented budgeting
93
Further reading
93
Notes
93
20.1 Use of a performance budgeting system at the central level of government (2007)
94
20.2 Use of performance information in budget discussions between the central budget authority and ministries (2007)
94
21. Executive budget flexibility
95
Further reading
95
Note
95
21.1 Executive budget flexibility (2007)
96
21.2 Ability of line ministries in central government to carry over unused funds (2007)
96
VIII. Regulatory Management
98
22. Regulatory impact analysis
99
Further reading
99
Note
99
22.1 Trend in RIA adoption by central governments across OECD countries (1974-2008)
100
22.2 Requirements for RIA at the central government level (1998, 2005 and 2008)
100
22.3 Requirements for RIA processes used by central governments (2005 and 2008)
100
23. Simplification strategies
101
Further reading
101
Note
101
23.1 Characteristics of central government programmes to reduce administrative burdens (1998, 2005 and 2008)
102
23.2 Extent of programmes for reducing administrative burdens at the central level of government (1998, 2005 and 2008)
102
24. Formal consultation
103
Further reading
103
24.1 Characteristics of formal consultation processes used by central governments (2008)
104
24.2 Forms of public consultation routinely used at the central government level (2005 and 2008)
104
IX. Integrity
106
25. Conflict-of-interest disclosure by decision makers
107
Further reading
107
Notes
107
25.1 Percentage of countries that require decision makers in the central government to formally disclose potential conflicts of interest (2000 and 2009)
108
25.2 Public availability of private interest disclosures by decision makers in the central government (2009)
108
26. Public interest disclosure: Whistle-blowing
109
Further reading
109
Note
109
26.1 Procedures for public officials to report misconduct (2000 and 2009)
110
26.2 Countries that offer protection for whistle-blowers (2000 and 2009)
110
27. Preventing corruption: Public procurement
111
Further reading
111
Note
111
27.1 Average perceived level of bribery risk in selected government activities in OECD member countries (2006)
112
27.2 Public procurement as a percentage of GDP (2006)
112
X. Open and Responsive Government
114
28. Open government legislation
115
Further reading
115
Note
115
28.1 Overview of current legislation and institutions for open government (2008)
116
28.2 Number of OECD member countries with laws on access to information (1960-2008)
116
28.3 Number of OECD member countries with laws on ombudsman institutions (1960-2008)
116
29. E-Government readiness
117
Further reading
117
Note
117
29.1 E-Government readiness (2008)
118
29.2 Cumulative broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (2003-08)
118
30. E-Government service maturity
119
Notes
119
30.1 Sophistication of e-government services (2007)
120
30.2 Full-online availability of e-government services (2007)
120
30.3 Assessment of the national portal (2007)
120
31. Uptake of e-government services
121
Note
121
31.1 Percentage of citizens using e-government services (2008)
122
31.2 Percentage of businesses using e-government services (2008)
122
31.3 Relationship between broadband penetration and citizen uptake of e-government services (2008)
122
Annex A. Methodology for Revenue Aggregates
124
Table A.1. Revenue Aggregates
124
Annex B. Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
125
Table B.1. First and second level COFOG
125
Table B.2. Methods used to construct COFOG-Special data
127
Notes
128
Annex C. Composite Indexes for HRM, Budget Practices and Regulatory Management
129
Annex D. Detailed Data from the 2009 Survey on Integrity
131
Table D.1. How countries communicate core values to central government public officials (2009)
132
Table D.2. Types of information decision makers are required to formally disclose, and level of transparency (2009)
133
Table D.3. Procedures for public officials to report misconduct or suspected corruption (2000 and 2009)
134
Table D.4. Types of protection offered to whistle-blowers (2000 and 2009)
135
Annex E. Contextual Factors
136
Australia
138
Austria
139
Belgium
139
Canada
140
Czech Republic
140
Denmark
141
Finland
141
France
142
Germany
142
Greece
143
Hungary
143
Iceland
144
Ireland
144
Italy
145
Japan
145
Korea
146
Luxembourg
146
Mexico
147
Netherlands
147
New Zealand
148
Norway
148
Poland
149
Portugal
149
Slovak Republic
150
Spain
150
Sweden
151
Switzerland
151
Turkey
152
United Kingdom
152
United States
153
Annex F. Members of the Steering Group
154
Glossary
155
Bibliography
158
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