Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance

Preface and Acknowledgments

Contents

Contributors

Chapter 1: Integrating Perspectives on Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Contemporary Environmental Challenges: A Synopsis

1.3 Environmental Governance

1.4 Adaptive Capacity

1.4.1 Complex Adaptive Systems

1.4.2 Capacity and Capacity Building

1.4.3 Institutions

1.4.4 Social Capital and Networks

1.4.5 Learning

1.4.6 Vulnerability and Livelihoods

1.5 A Roadmap to This Volume

References

Section I: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Practice

Chapter 2: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Implications for Governance in the Great Barrier Reef Region

2.1 The Great Barrier Reef Region: A Complex Governance Challenge

2.2 Adaptive Capacity in Theory

2.2.1 Review of Definitions

2.2.1.1 Vulnerability and Adaptation

2.2.1.2 Resilience

2.2.2 A Conceptual Lens for Assessing Adaptive Capacity

2.2.3 From Theoretical Definitions to Operational Measures

2.3 Adaptive Capacity in ``Reality´´: Examples from the GBR

2.3.1 Coping with Policy Change in the Fishing Industry

2.3.2 Natural Resource Managers´ Perceptions of Social Resilience to Water Quality Change

2.3.3 Public Perceptions of Institutional Roles in Australian Water Management

2.3.4 The Future Great Barrier Reef: Adaptive Capacity in the Eyes of the Region´s Leaders

2.4 Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Matches, Mismatches, and Future Governance of the GBR

References

Chapter 3: Building Adaptive Capacity in Systems Beyond the Threshold: The Story of Macubeni, South Africa

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Study Area

3.2.1 Ecosystem Services

3.2.2 History of Land Management and Institutional Capacity

3.2.3 Social Vulnerability

3.3 Methods

3.3.1 Scale

3.3.2 Drivers

3.3.3 Governance and Co-Management

3.3.4 Capacity Development

3.3.5 Motivation

3.3.6 Adaptive Management and Monitoring

3.4 Outcomes

3.4.1 Identifying Drivers

3.4.2 Strengthening of Governance

3.4.3 Capacity Development

3.4.4 Motivation

3.4.5 Adaptive Management and Monitoring

3.4.6 Co-Management

3.5 Discussion

3.5.1 Linking Resilience and Adaptive Co-Management Theory to Practise

3.5.2 The Impact of Surprise in Systems Beyond the Threshold: Politics, Conflict, Government Decisions

3.5.3 Implications for Adaptive Co-Management Theory

3.5.3.1 Maintaining Key Individuals and Balancing Power Relations

3.5.3.2 Motivating all Actors to Collaborate

3.5.3.3 Making the Most of Available Capacity and Resources

3.5.3.4 Overcoming Disturbances During the Early Stages of the Project

3.5.3.5 Focusing on the Finest Resolution Within Time and Budget Constraints

3.5.3.6 Persistence

3.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Learning and Adaptation: The Role of Fisheries Comanagement in Building Resilient Social-Ecological Systems

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Case Studies

4.2.1 On the Right Track: Comanagement´s Positive Outcomes in Chile and Malawian Lake Chiuta

4.2.2 The Challenge to Participatory Management: The Struggle to Implement Comanagement in Malawi and Brazil

4.3 Deconstructing Fishery Comanagement Arrangements

4.3.1 Power Imbalances

4.3.2 Legitimacy Crisis

4.3.3 Adaptive Learning Mechanisms

4.3.4 The Threat of Erosion of Social Cohesion

4.4 Reflections on Advances in Comanagement Arrangements: Lessons from Case Studies

References

Chapter 5: Adaptive Capacity and Adaptation in Swedish Multi-Use Boreal Forests: Sites of Interaction Between Different Land Uses

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Theoretical Framework

5.3 Case Study Area and Methodology

5.4 Results

5.4.1 Interaction Between Sectors

5.4.1.1 Reindeer Husbandry´s Interaction with Other Sectors

5.4.1.2 Interactions Between Forestry and Environmental Protection

5.4.1.3 Winter Tourism

5.4.2 Adaptation and Potential Means of Increasing Adaptive Capacity

5.5 Conclusion: Sites of Interaction Between Land Uses?

References

Chapter 6: From the Inside Out: A Multi-scale Analysis of Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Community and the Governance Implications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Context and Methods

6.3 Adaptive Capacity at the Local Level: Endogenous Determinants

6.4 Enablers of Adaptive Capacity: Scaling Up

6.4.1 Government Support Programs

6.4.2 Economic Transition

6.4.3 Aboriginal and State interrelationships

6.4.4 The Road to Self-Governance

6.5 Strengthening Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Social-Ecological System

6.5.1 Building Social and Cultural Capital

6.5.2 Improving Human Resources

6.5.3 Education and Knowledge Transfer

6.5.4 Policy Development for Adaptation

6.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity in Arctic Communities

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 The Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions Project

7.2 Vulnerability Contexts

7.2.1 Local Culture and Society

7.2.2 Subsistence-Related Livelihoods

7.2.3 Market-Related Enterprises

7.2.4 Community Infrastructure

7.3 Adaptive Capacity

7.3.1 Local Capacity in a Global Context

7.3.2 Flexibility and Diversity

7.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Climate Change, Adaptive Capacity, and Governance for Drinking Water in Canada

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity

8.3 Case Studies

8.3.1 Urban Water Supply

8.3.2 Water Quality and Health in Aboriginal Communities

8.4 Discussion and Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Institutional Fit and Interplay in a Dryland Agricultural Social-Ecological System in Alberta, Canada

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Special Areas of Alberta, Canada

9.2.1 Phase I: Open-Range Ranching, 1880-1906

9.2.2 Phase II: Monoculture Wheat-Crop Cultivation, 1908-1920s

9.2.3 Phase III: The Special Areas and Mixed Ranching, 1930s to Present

9.3 Discussion and Conclusion

References

Section II: Frontiers in Adaptive Capacity

Chapter 10: The Learning Dimension of Adaptive Capacity: Untangling the Multi-level Connections

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Defining Learning and the Social Units of Analysis

10.2.1 Individual Learning

10.2.2 Action Group Learning

10.2.3 Organizational Learning

10.2.4 Network Learning

10.2.5 Societal Learning

10.3 Multi-level Learning Connections

10.3.1 Social-Cognitive Filters

10.3.2 Facilitated Platforms

10.3.3 Organizational Frames

10.3.4 Adaptive Co-management Arrangements

10.3.5 Community-Based Social Marketing

10.4 Power Differentials

10.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Adaptive Capacity as a Dynamic Institutional Process: Conceptual Perspectives and Their Application

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Adaptive Capacity in Context

11.3 Adaptive Capacity and Institutional Structures

11.4 Adaptive Capacity and Institutional Dynamics

11.5 Operationalizing New Institutionalism in an ``Arctic Gateway City´´

11.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Sociobiology and Adaptive Capacity: Evolving Adaptive Strategies to Build Environmental Governance

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Frames of Reference to Understand Adaptive Capacity

12.3 Evolutionary Biology and Adaptive Capacity

12.3.1 A Synopsis of Sociobiology and Reciprocal Altruism

12.3.2 The Biological Basis of Adaptive Strategies

12.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Building Transformative Capacity for Ecosystem Stewardship in Social-Ecological Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The Problem of Fit and Lock-in Traps in SES

13.3 Enhancing the Fit and Unlocking SES

13.4 Initiating and Navigating Purposeful Transformations

13.4.1 Agency and Dynamic Network

13.4.2 Making New Approaches Stick

13.5 The Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve

13.6 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

13.7 Discussion

13.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Adapting and Transforming: Governance for Navigating Change

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Governance for Navigating Change

14.3 Lessons Learned

14.3.1 Change and Uncertainty

14.3.2 Blueprints and Panaceas

14.3.3 Relational Spaces and Institutions

14.3.4 Scaling Up, Scaling Down, Scaling Out

14.3.5 Actors and Networks, Networks of Actors

14.3.6 From Governance to Government?

14.3.7 Organizations on the Edge

14.3.8 Knowledge Coproduction and Learning Processes

14.3.9 The Importance of Ecosystems

14.3.10 It Takes Two to Tango!

14.4 Conclusions

References

Index