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Biology, Sociology, Geology by Computational Physicists
Dietrich Stauffer, Suzana Moss de Oliveira
Verlag Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2006
ISBN 9780080462028 , 286 Seiten
Format PDF
Kopierschutz DRM
Geräte
Cover
1
Preface
6
Contents
8
Introduction
12
Evolution
16
Linearity
17
Chaos
21
Nonlinearity
24
The edge of chaos
31
Complexity and criticality
35
Mean-field theories
43
Scaling
45
Biological evolution
51
A simple evolutionary model
60
Another simple model
69
Conclusions
80
Biological Ageing
82
Facts and theories
82
Facts
82
Theories
85
Penna model: asexual
88
Basic model
88
Applications and modifications
91
Plasticity
93
Penna model: sexual
95
Basic model
95
Applications and modifications
97
Scaling
104
Other models
105
* Additional remarks
108
Eve effect
108
Antagonistic pleiotropy
109
Grandmother effect
110
Conclusions
112
Biological Speciation
114
Sympatric speciation
115
Minimal model: Speciation defined by a single bit
116
Speciation defined by a single phenotypic trait
118
Results without sexual selection
121
Results with assortative mating
122
Speciation in a food chain
123
Two-species food chain
123
Three-species food chain
125
Phase transition in the sympatric speciation process
129
Models with two phenotypic traits
137
Conclusions
138
Parapatric speciation
140
* Many-species models
145
The Bak-Sneppen model
146
Lineage branching
150
Ecosystems
156
Languages
162
Empirical facts
162
Differential equations
163
Agent-based simulations
167
Two languages
168
Many languages: Homogeneous systems
170
Many languages: Mixing, nucleation, interface
176
* Wang-Minett model
181
* Additional remarks
182
Conclusions
188
Social Sciences
190
Retirement demography
191
Mortality and birth rates
191
Extrapolation
193
Mortality deceleration?
195
Conclusions
197
Self-organisation of hierarchies
197
Opinion dynamics
201
Before 2000
201
Ising-type models
201
Galam conservatism
202
Axelrod multiculturality
203
Three recent models
203
Negotiators
204
Opportunists
205
Missionaries
205
Applications
207
* Additional remarks
209
Cluster sizes
209
Ising comparison
210
Several themes
211
Extreme events
214
Parties
219
Simultaneous updating
220
Terrorism
221
Conclusions
222
* Traffic jams
223
* Networks
225
Small world
225
Scale free (BA)
226
Selected properties of BA networks
228
Modifications of BA networks
228
Neural networks
230
* Social percolation
233
* Legal physics
236
Earthquakes
238
Computational models for earthquakes
239
Short-range interactions
240
Long-range interactions
242
The Rundle-Jackson-Brown model
243
Precursory dynamics
244
Conclusion
248
Summary
250
Appendix: Programs
252
Single-bit handling
252
Ageing in Penna model
253
Bak-Sneppen evolution
257
Language competition
258
Retirement demography
261
Car traffic
263
Scale-free networks
265
Neural Hopfield-Hebb networks
267
References*
270
Subject Index
284
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