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Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance
Derek Armitage, Ryan Plummer
Verlag Springer-Verlag, 2014
ISBN 9783642121944 , 307 Seiten
Format PDF, OL
Kopierschutz Wasserzeichen
Preface and Acknowledgments
6
Contents
8
Contributors
10
Chapter 1: Integrating Perspectives on Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance
12
1.1 Introduction
12
1.2 Contemporary Environmental Challenges: A Synopsis
13
1.3 Environmental Governance
15
1.4 Adaptive Capacity
16
1.4.1 Complex Adaptive Systems
21
1.4.2 Capacity and Capacity Building
22
1.4.3 Institutions
22
1.4.4 Social Capital and Networks
23
1.4.5 Learning
23
1.4.6 Vulnerability and Livelihoods
24
1.5 A Roadmap to This Volume
24
References
26
Section I: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Practice
31
Chapter 2: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Implications for Governance in the Great Barrier Reef Region
32
2.1 The Great Barrier Reef Region: A Complex Governance Challenge
32
2.2 Adaptive Capacity in Theory
33
2.2.1 Review of Definitions
33
2.2.1.1 Vulnerability and Adaptation
34
2.2.1.2 Resilience
35
2.2.2 A Conceptual Lens for Assessing Adaptive Capacity
36
2.2.3 From Theoretical Definitions to Operational Measures
37
2.3 Adaptive Capacity in ``Reality´´: Examples from the GBR
37
2.3.1 Coping with Policy Change in the Fishing Industry
38
2.3.2 Natural Resource Managers´ Perceptions of Social Resilience to Water Quality Change
39
2.3.3 Public Perceptions of Institutional Roles in Australian Water Management
41
2.3.4 The Future Great Barrier Reef: Adaptive Capacity in the Eyes of the Region´s Leaders
43
2.4 Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Matches, Mismatches, and Future Governance of the GBR
45
References
47
Chapter 3: Building Adaptive Capacity in Systems Beyond the Threshold: The Story of Macubeni, South Africa
51
3.1 Introduction
51
3.2 Study Area
52
3.2.1 Ecosystem Services
53
3.2.2 History of Land Management and Institutional Capacity
54
3.2.3 Social Vulnerability
55
3.3 Methods
56
3.3.1 Scale
59
3.3.2 Drivers
59
3.3.3 Governance and Co-Management
59
3.3.4 Capacity Development
61
3.3.5 Motivation
62
3.3.6 Adaptive Management and Monitoring
62
3.4 Outcomes
63
3.4.1 Identifying Drivers
63
3.4.2 Strengthening of Governance
64
3.4.3 Capacity Development
65
3.4.4 Motivation
65
3.4.5 Adaptive Management and Monitoring
66
3.4.6 Co-Management
66
3.5 Discussion
67
3.5.1 Linking Resilience and Adaptive Co-Management Theory to Practise
67
3.5.2 The Impact of Surprise in Systems Beyond the Threshold: Politics, Conflict, Government Decisions
68
3.5.3 Implications for Adaptive Co-Management Theory
69
3.5.3.1 Maintaining Key Individuals and Balancing Power Relations
70
3.5.3.2 Motivating all Actors to Collaborate
70
3.5.3.3 Making the Most of Available Capacity and Resources
71
3.5.3.4 Overcoming Disturbances During the Early Stages of the Project
71
3.5.3.5 Focusing on the Finest Resolution Within Time and Budget Constraints
72
3.5.3.6 Persistence
72
3.6 Conclusions
73
References
73
Chapter 4: Learning and Adaptation: The Role of Fisheries Comanagement in Building Resilient Social-Ecological Systems
77
4.1 Introduction
77
4.2 Case Studies
78
4.2.1 On the Right Track: Comanagement´s Positive Outcomes in Chile and Malawian Lake Chiuta
78
4.2.2 The Challenge to Participatory Management: The Struggle to Implement Comanagement in Malawi and Brazil
80
4.3 Deconstructing Fishery Comanagement Arrangements
82
4.3.1 Power Imbalances
82
4.3.2 Legitimacy Crisis
85
4.3.3 Adaptive Learning Mechanisms
87
4.3.4 The Threat of Erosion of Social Cohesion
88
4.4 Reflections on Advances in Comanagement Arrangements: Lessons from Case Studies
92
References
94
Chapter 5: Adaptive Capacity and Adaptation in Swedish Multi-Use Boreal Forests: Sites of Interaction Between Different Land Uses
97
5.1 Introduction
97
5.2 Theoretical Framework
98
5.3 Case Study Area and Methodology
99
5.4 Results
102
5.4.1 Interaction Between Sectors
102
5.4.1.1 Reindeer Husbandry´s Interaction with Other Sectors
102
5.4.1.2 Interactions Between Forestry and Environmental Protection
104
5.4.1.3 Winter Tourism
106
5.4.2 Adaptation and Potential Means of Increasing Adaptive Capacity
107
5.5 Conclusion: Sites of Interaction Between Land Uses?
111
References
112
Chapter 6: From the Inside Out: A Multi-scale Analysis of Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Community and the Governance Implications
115
6.1 Introduction
115
6.2 Context and Methods
116
6.3 Adaptive Capacity at the Local Level: Endogenous Determinants
120
6.4 Enablers of Adaptive Capacity: Scaling Up
123
6.4.1 Government Support Programs
124
6.4.2 Economic Transition
125
6.4.3 Aboriginal and State interrelationships
126
6.4.4 The Road to Self-Governance
128
6.5 Strengthening Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Social-Ecological System
131
6.5.1 Building Social and Cultural Capital
131
6.5.2 Improving Human Resources
133
6.5.3 Education and Knowledge Transfer
134
6.5.4 Policy Development for Adaptation
135
6.6 Conclusions
136
References
137
Chapter 7: Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity in Arctic Communities
141
7.1 Introduction
141
7.1.1 The Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions Project
142
7.2 Vulnerability Contexts
145
7.2.1 Local Culture and Society
145
7.2.2 Subsistence-Related Livelihoods
148
7.2.3 Market-Related Enterprises
150
7.2.4 Community Infrastructure
153
7.3 Adaptive Capacity
155
7.3.1 Local Capacity in a Global Context
155
7.3.2 Flexibility and Diversity
158
7.4 Conclusions
160
References
161
Chapter 8: Climate Change, Adaptive Capacity, and Governance for Drinking Water in Canada
165
8.1 Introduction
165
8.2 Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity
166
8.3 Case Studies
169
8.3.1 Urban Water Supply
170
8.3.2 Water Quality and Health in Aboriginal Communities
175
8.4 Discussion and Conclusions
180
References
182
Chapter 9: Institutional Fit and Interplay in a Dryland Agricultural Social-Ecological System in Alberta, Canada
187
9.1 Introduction
187
9.2 The Special Areas of Alberta, Canada
189
9.2.1 Phase I: Open-Range Ranching, 1880-1906
191
9.2.2 Phase II: Monoculture Wheat-Crop Cultivation, 1908-1920s
192
9.2.3 Phase III: The Special Areas and Mixed Ranching, 1930s to Present
194
9.3 Discussion and Conclusion
198
References
201
Section II: Frontiers in Adaptive Capacity
204
Chapter 10: The Learning Dimension of Adaptive Capacity: Untangling the Multi-level Connections
205
10.1 Introduction
205
10.2 Defining Learning and the Social Units of Analysis
207
10.2.1 Individual Learning
208
10.2.2 Action Group Learning
210
10.2.3 Organizational Learning
212
10.2.4 Network Learning
213
10.2.5 Societal Learning
214
10.3 Multi-level Learning Connections
215
10.3.1 Social-Cognitive Filters
215
10.3.2 Facilitated Platforms
217
10.3.3 Organizational Frames
218
10.3.4 Adaptive Co-management Arrangements
219
10.3.5 Community-Based Social Marketing
220
10.4 Power Differentials
220
10.5 Conclusion
222
References
224
Chapter 11: Adaptive Capacity as a Dynamic Institutional Process: Conceptual Perspectives and Their Application
228
11.1 Introduction
228
11.2 Adaptive Capacity in Context
230
11.3 Adaptive Capacity and Institutional Structures
235
11.4 Adaptive Capacity and Institutional Dynamics
236
11.5 Operationalizing New Institutionalism in an ``Arctic Gateway City´´
241
11.6 Conclusion
244
References
245
Chapter 12: Sociobiology and Adaptive Capacity: Evolving Adaptive Strategies to Build Environmental Governance
248
12.1 Introduction
248
12.2 Frames of Reference to Understand Adaptive Capacity
249
12.3 Evolutionary Biology and Adaptive Capacity
253
12.3.1 A Synopsis of Sociobiology and Reciprocal Altruism
254
12.3.2 The Biological Basis of Adaptive Strategies
257
12.4 Conclusion
261
References
263
Chapter 13: Building Transformative Capacity for Ecosystem Stewardship in Social-Ecological Systems
267
13.1 Introduction
267
13.2 The Problem of Fit and Lock-in Traps in SES
268
13.3 Enhancing the Fit and Unlocking SES
270
13.4 Initiating and Navigating Purposeful Transformations
273
13.4.1 Agency and Dynamic Network
274
13.4.2 Making New Approaches Stick
276
13.5 The Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve
277
13.6 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
279
13.7 Discussion
282
13.8 Conclusion
285
References
285
Chapter 14: Adapting and Transforming: Governance for Navigating Change
290
14.1 Introduction
290
14.2 Governance for Navigating Change
292
14.3 Lessons Learned
292
14.3.1 Change and Uncertainty
293
14.3.2 Blueprints and Panaceas
294
14.3.3 Relational Spaces and Institutions
295
14.3.4 Scaling Up, Scaling Down, Scaling Out
296
14.3.5 Actors and Networks, Networks of Actors
297
14.3.6 From Governance to Government?
298
14.3.7 Organizations on the Edge
299
14.3.8 Knowledge Coproduction and Learning Processes
300
14.3.9 The Importance of Ecosystems
301
14.3.10 It Takes Two to Tango!
302
14.4 Conclusions
302
References
303
Index
306