Surface Engineered Surgical Tools and Medical Devices

Preface

Contents

1. Atomic Scale Machining of Surfaces

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Theoretical Basis of Nanomachining

1.3 Further Developments

References

2. Anodization: A Promising Nano-Modification Technique of Titanium-based Implants for Orthopedic Applications

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Anodization of Titanium

2.3 Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film

2.4 Future Directions

Acknowledgements

References

3. Titanium Dioxide Coatings in Medical Device Applications

3.1 Introduction

References

4. The Effect of Shape and Surface Modification on the Corrosion of Biomedical Nitinol Alloy Wires Exposed to Saline Solution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experimental Methods

4.3 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

5. Cardiovascular Interventional and Implantable Devices

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Cardiovascular Interventional Tools

5.3 Key Surface Properties for Cardiovascular Interventional Devices

5.4 Cardiovascular Implantable Devices

5.5 Electrical Implantable Devices

5.6 Mechanical Implantables

5.7 Important Surface Properties for Implantable Cardiovascular Devices

References

6. Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves to Improve Quality of Life and Lifetime using Modified Diamond- like Coatings

6.1 Introduction

6.2 History of Mechanical Heart Valves

6.3 Thrombosis

6.4 Hemocompatibility

6.5 Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Seeding

6.6 Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves

6.7 Summary

References

7. Diamond Surgical Tools

7.1 Introduction

7.3 History of Diamond

7.2 Properties of Diamond

7.4 CVD Diamond Technology

7.5 CVD Diamond Processes

7.6 Treatment of Substrate

7.7 Modification of HFCVD Process

7.8 Nucleation and Growth

7.10 Wear of Diamond

7.11 Time-Modulated CVD Diamond

7.12 Conclusions

References

8. Dental Tool Technology

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Burs and Abrasive Points

8.3 Classification of Dental Burs

8.4 Coding of Dental Tools

8.5 Dental Devices

8.6 Dental Laboratory Materials

8.7 Dental Cutting Tools

8.8 Health and Safety

9. Nanocrystalline Diamond: Deposition Routes and Clinical Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nanocrystalline Diamond

9.3 Clinical Applications

9.4 Summary

References

10. Environmental Engineering Controls and Monitoring in Medical Device Manufacturing

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Stressor Source, Properties, and Characteristics

10.3 Sterilization

10.4 Cleaning, Etching, and Surface Preparation

10.5 Adhesive Applications

10.6 Coating Applications

10.7 Drilling, Grinding, Cutting, and Machining

10.8 Welding and Soldering

10.9 General Maintenance Activities

10.10 Laboratory Research and Testing

10.11 Environmental and Engineering Controls

10.12 Substitution

10.13 Process Controls

10.14 Enclosure/Isolation

10.15 Process Change or Elimination

10.16 Ventilation Controls

10.17 Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing

10.18 Control Strategies in Device Manufacturing

10.19 Monitoring

10.20 Particle, Fumes, and Aerosol Monitoring

10.21 Vapors and Gases

10.22 Ionizing Radiation

10.23 Non-Ionizing Radiation

10.24 Noise and Heat Stress

10.25 Microbial Environmental Monitoring

10.26 Clean Room Monitoring Requirements

10.27 Monitor Selection in Device Manufacturing

10.28 Summary

References

11. Biomaterial-Cell-Tissue Interactions In Surface Engineered Carbon- Based Biomedical Implants and Devices

11.1 Introduction to Surface Engineered Carbon- Based Materials

11.2 Potential Biomedical Applications of DLC

11.3 Definitions and General Aspects of Biocompatibility

11.4 Blood

11.5 Cell Culture/Seeding Peculiar to Each Cell

11.6 Statistics and Counting of Cells

11.7 Stereological Investigations

11.8 Photo-Fluorescent Imaging of Cells/Tissues

11.9 Biocompatibility and Hemo-compatibility Models

11.10 Carbon- based Materials Interaction with Selected Proteins and Cells

11.11 DLC Interactions with Fibroblasts In-Vitro

11.12 Endothelial Pre-seeding on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering

11.13 Bio- assays and Assessment of Intracellular Activities

11.14 In- vivo Studies of Carbon- based Materials: Cell-Tissue Interactions In-situ

11.15 On-going and Future Investigations

References

12. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Nanotechnology

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Bio-Nanomaterials

12.4 Analysis

12.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes

12.6 Conclusions

References

13. Bonelike® Graft for Regenerative Bone Applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Synthetic Bone Graft Material - Bonelike

13.3 Summary

References

14. Machining Cancellous Bone Prior to Prosthetic Implantation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Structure of Cancellous Bone

14.3 Theory of Micromachining

14.4 Initial Chip Curl Modeling

14.5 Experimental

14.6 Discussion

14.7 Conclusions

References

15. Titanium and Titanium Alloy Applications in Medicine

15.1 Metallurgical Aspects

15.2 Principal Requirements of Medical Implants

15.3 Shape Memory Alloys

15.4 Conclusions

References

INDEX